About

This repository contains a sample app that shows how to encrypt the room database in an Android app. The password used for encryption is generated on the first use and is saved in the Android EncryptedSharedPreferences. The app is programmed in kotlin. In java it should work in the same way.

The reason I created this repository was that when I wanted to encrypt the database of an Android App, I could only find outdated blog posts and tutorials using deprecated classes and methods. So after I dug through the Android Documentation I came up with a solution that I thought might be helpful to others. So I am sharing this here in a sample App.

Feel free to open a pull request with improvements.

Room Database Without Encryption

The branch no-encryption in this repository contains the source code of the app without the room database being encrypted.

By analyzing the database file with hexdump it is possible to verify that the database is not encrypted.

hexdump -C secret-database.db-wal

Encrypting the Room Database

SQLCipher

SQLCipher for Android adds encryption to a room database. The setup is simple: The following dependency needs to be added to the app's build.gradle file:

implementation 'net.zetetic:android-database-sqlcipher:4.5.0'

In the database class only two lines of code need to be added. A SGLCipher SupportFactory is instantiated and passed to the Room.databaseBuilder:

val factory = SupportFactory(passphrase)
//Room.databaseBuilder( ... )
    .openHelperFactory(factory)
    //.build()

That is already it for the actual encryption. Sadly SQLCipher does not handle the scenario where a password is generated for encryption on the first use of the app and stored encrypted in Android for future use. The SupportFactory constructor needs a passphrase as an argument. So a passphrase has to be generated.

Generating a Passphrase

The class javax.crypto.KeyGenerator provides the means to generate Keys. A simple function to generate a passphrase would look like this:

const val ALGORITHM_AES = "AES"
const val KEY_SIZE = 256

private fun generatePassphrase(): ByteArray {
    val keyGenerator = KeyGenerator.getInstance(ALGORITHM_AES)
    keyGenerator.init(KEY_SIZE)
    return keyGenerator.generateKey().encoded
}

The generated passphrase can be used to create the SQLCipher SupportFactory. But, of course, the passphrase also needs to be saved so the database can be decrypted in the future.

Storing the Key in the EncryptedSharedPreferences

The passphrase can be stored in the EncryptedSharedPreferences. Those preferences can only be accessed by the app that created them and are encrypted by Android.

To do this a reference to the EncryptedSharedPreferences is needed. The classes MasterKey and MasterKey.Builder and this specific create method of EncryptedSharedPreferences are, as the time of writing, the way to do this. Other classes and methods have been deprecated. To use these classes the following dependencies have to be added to the app's build.gradle file:

implementation "androidx.security:security-crypto:1.0.0"
implementation "androidx.security:security-crypto-ktx:1.1.0-alpha03"

A function retrieving the reference to the EncryptedSharedPreferences could look like this:

const val SHARED_PREFS_NAME = "de.krbmr.encryptedroomdb.shared_prefs"

private fun getSharedPrefs(context: Context): SharedPreferences {
    val masterKey =
        MasterKey.Builder(context, MasterKey.DEFAULT_MASTER_KEY_ALIAS)
            .setKeyScheme(MasterKey.KeyScheme.AES256_GCM)
            .build()

    return EncryptedSharedPreferences.create(
        context,
        SHARED_PREFS_NAME,
        masterKey,
        EncryptedSharedPreferences.PrefKeyEncryptionScheme.AES256_SIV,
        EncryptedSharedPreferences.PrefValueEncryptionScheme.AES256_GCM
    )
}

Two more functions are needed. One to initialize the preference with a newly generated passphrase. And one to retrieve the passphrase from the preference:

const val PREFS_KEY_PASSPHRASE = "PREFS_KEY_PASSPHRASE"

private fun initializePassphrase(context: Context): ByteArray {
    val passphrase = generatePassphrase()

    getSharedPrefs(context).edit(commit = true) {
        putString(PREFS_KEY_PASSPHRASE, passphrase.toString(Charsets.ISO_8859_1))
    }

    return passphrase
}

private fun getPassphrase(context: Context): ByteArray? {
    val passphraseString = getSharedPrefs(context)
        .getString(PREFS_KEY_PASSPHRASE, null)
    return passphraseString?.toByteArray(Charsets.ISO_8859_1)
}

Important to note is that the ByteArray is converted to a String before saving it to the preference. The ISO-8859-1 encoding is used for that because it does not lose information on encoding and decoding.

Now it is possible to call the function getPassphrase in the function createDB to get the passphrase. When the app is used for the first time, null will be returned. In this case the function initializePassphrase needs to be called.

val passphrase = getPassphrase(context) ?: initializePassphrase(context)

The finished kotlin database class can be found here.

By analyzing the database file with hexdump it is now possible to verify that the database is encrypted.

hexdump -C secret-database.db-wal